Chapter 8 : Search Engines

How do search engines work ?

The term "search engine" is often used generically to describe both crawler-based search engines and human-powered directories. These two types of search engines gather their listings in radically different ways.

Crawler-Based Search Engines

Crawler-based search engines, such as Google, create their listings automatically. They "crawl" or "spider" the web, then people search through what they have found.

If you change your web pages, crawler-based search engines eventually find these changes, and that can affect how you are listed. Page titles, body copy and other elements all play a role.

Human-Powered Directories

A human-powered directory, such as the Open Directory, depends on humans for its listings. You submit a short description to the directory for your entire site, or editors write one for sites they review. A search looks for matches only in the descriptions submitted.

Changing your web pages has no effect on your listing. Things that are useful for improving a listing with a search engine have nothing to do with improving a listing in a directory. The only exception is that a good site, with good content, might be more likely to get reviewed for free than a poor site.

"Hybrid Search Engines" Or Mixed Results

In the web's early days, it used to be that a search engine either presented crawler-based results or human-powered listings. Today, it extremely common for both types of results to be presented. Usually, a hybrid search engine will favor one type of listings over another. For example, MSN Search is more likely to present human-powered listings from LookSmart. However, it does also present crawler-based results (as provided by Inktomi), especially for more obscure queries

Example of 5 search engines on the Internet 

1. http://www.abcsearchengine.com/
2. http://www.azoos.com/
3. http://www.chacha.com/
4. http://iboogie.com/
5. http://www.qwiki.com/

Chapter 7 : Internet

Please suggest the ideas to help and support the flooding crisis in Thailand 

      If I have time I will help all sufferer by give them the neccesary stuffs such as tissue paper, sanitary, dried foods. And then do the charity for people who want to help them by money, more boats to carry sufferer from their house that got flooding and more movable toilet.  

 

Chapter 6: Report and Citation

Example of Report

Title Page

The Title; e.g. 'A Report on ....'
'An Investigation into...'
'An Analysis of ...'
'A Comparison of ... and ...'

Your Name

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the
............................course.

If you are a HKPU student, your student number.

The date.

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Acknowledgments

"I would like to thank my supervisor, Mr. _______, for the valuable advice and support he has given me in the writing of this report. I would also like to thank my teachers, Mrs. _______ and Mr. _______ for their encouragement and guidance. Thanks also to my typist, Ms. _______, for her immaculate job and her suggestions. My deepest thanks go to my wife/husband, for her/his love, understanding and support."

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Summary / Abstract

This study was to ______________________________
It was requested by ____________________________
It was requested on (date).
The investigation was done by ____________________
The main findings were that ______________________
It was concluded that __________________________
The recommendations are that _______should be ______

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Contents Page

Section......................................................Page Number

1. Introduction.............................................................................1
2. Literature Review....................................................................3
3. Methodology...........................................................................5
4. Findings...................................................................................7
5. Conclusions............................................................................14
6. Recommendations...................................................................16
7. Appendices............................................................................18
8. Bibliography...........................................................................25

List of Figures

1. Bar Chart of Answers to Question 1...................................8
2. Pie Chart of Socio-economic Status of the Respondents.....9

List of Tables

1. Survey Findings by Gender and Age Group........................10

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1. Introduction

Background
This report has been written because ....
It was requested by ...
It was requested on (date).
Objectives
The objectives of this report are to ....
Scope
This report examines .... . It does not examine ..... because ...... .

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2. Literature Review

The area of investigation has been commented on by Channel (1994), Hoey (1993), Halliday (1993) and Lesser (1979), who are in agreement that...
However, they have different opinions on ....
Due to the differences highlighted above, it was decided to investigate ....

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3. Methodology (also called the 'Method' or 'Procedure')
___ respondents, chosen by the method of _____ were surveyed from (start date) to (end date). Of these, ______ were invited for interview on (date).
The statistics were analysed using a _______ test because .........
The significance of the results was __________

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4. Findings

4.1. Introduction
In general, the findings indicated that...
The major finding of the investigation was that...
In addition, ....
Surprisingly, ........ , which was an unexpected consequence of .....

Related exercises:

• Trends - this exercise introduces the vocabulary and grammar needed to describe trends. Includes an exercise.
• Trends Headings - this exercise shows how to use headings when describing trends. Includes an exercise.
• Describing Satisfaction  - choosing between 'satisfy', 'satisfied', 'satisfying' and 'satisfactory', etc.
• Important or Importance? Explanation and exercise on which word to use.
• 'Lack' or 'Lack of'? - an explanation and an exercise.

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5. Conclusions

The main conclusion that can be drawn is therefore that...
In the light of this, it is recommended that... (+ a general recommendation; e.g. that something needs to be changed. The detailed recommendations should go in the Recommendations section below.)

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6. Recommendations

In the light of these conclusions, I recommend that _____ should be ____
In addition, a _______ could ______
Grammar Note:
To make suggestions and recommendations you should use 'could + infinitive verb' (if you are less sure), or 'should + infinitive verb' (if you are more sure). You could also use 'suggest + _ing' or 'suggest that + a subject noun (e.g. 'we') + a verb (e.g. 'could' + infinitive verb). Do NOT use 'suggest to'.

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Appendices

Appendix 1: Sample Survey Form

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Appendix 2: Results of Statistical Analysis by ______

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Bibliography

(Click here to find out more about references.)

Channel, J. (1994). Vague language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Halliday, M.A.K. (1993). Quantitative studies and probabilities in grammar. In Hoey, M. (Ed.) Data, description, discourse. London: HarperCollins, 1-25.

Hoey, M. (1993). Data, description, discourse. London: HarperCollins, 1-25.

Lesser, R. (1979). Linguistic investigations of aphasia. Studies in language disability and remediation 5. London: Edward Arnold.

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Related pages:

Content and Organisation

• The Report Writing Process: an ordering exercise to re-order the stages of this process
• Academic report writing template: useful phrases and expressions to use in your report.
• Types of Report - the names of different types of report and what they mean.
• Report Stages and Content - what goes in each section of a report.
• Stages and Language of a Report - useful phrases for the sections of a report
• Report Headings - understand the type of information each section of a report should contain.
• Subject Headings - how to write correct subject headings.

Introductions

• Report Writing: Introductions - a page to help you understand the content and grammar of report introductions. It contains explanations, an example and an exercise.
• Report Introductions - a text-reconstruction exercise to help you remember the language of the introduction to a report.

Method / Methodology / Procedure

• The Procedure / Method / Methodology section of a report: how to write it.
• The Procedure / Method section of a report - a text-reconstruction exercise to help you remember the language of this section of a report.

Findings and Discussion

• Matching Nouns and Verbs for Reports - an exercise in choosing the right vocabulary for reports.
• Formality - an exercise to help you to write reports using formal language.
• Describing Numbers - an explanation, a program to write and speak a number, and an exercise
• Trends - this exercise introduces the vocabulary and grammar needed to describe trends. Includes an exercise.
• Describing trends in line graphs
• Trends Headings - this exercise shows how to use headings when describing trends. Includes an exercise.
• The Language of Approximation - an exercise in describing numbers in an easy-to-understand way
• Approximation Correction exercise - to check that you can use the language of approximation correctly
• Approximating Dissatisfaction - an exercise to help you describe dissatisfaction
• Describing Satisfaction in the Findings and Conclusion sections of a report - choosing between 'satisfy', 'satisfied', 'satisfying' and 'satisfactory', etc.
• Important or Importance? Explanation and exercise on which word to use when describing Findings and Conclusions.
• Concern - how to use concern correctly

Conclusion

• The Conclusion section - an explanation, an example and an exercise.

Recommendations

• Report Recommendations - an explanation, an example and an exercise.
• Report Recommendations Correction Exercise - correct the common errors.

Practice Materials

• Report Correction Exercise - correct these common errors made by students in report writing, so that you can avoid making the same mistakes.
• List of common errors in report writing assignments
• Common Errors in Report Writing - revision exercise.
• Report Writing Scenario Site - practice the whole process of report writing
• Scanner - a program that highlights the words in a text that are easy for a reader to find. Use it to improve the organisation and reader-friendliness of your writing.
• List of Materials in CILL for Business report 

Example of Citation

Magazine

Author. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine Date: Page(s). Name of Database. 
     SIRS Knowledge Source. Honolulu Community Coll. Lib., HI. Date of Access 
     <http://sks.sirs.com/>.

Mason, Betsy. "Season of Fire." Discover Feb. 2003: 32-39. SIRS Researcher. 
     SIRS Knowledge Source. Honolulu Community Coll. Lib., HI. 8 May 2004 <http://sks.sirs.com/>.

Newspaper

Author. "Title of Article." Name of Newspaper Date: Page(s). Name of Database. 
     SIRS Knowledge Source. Honolulu Community Coll. Lib., HI. 
     Date of Access <http://sks.sirs.com/>.

Lowry, Brian and Rosie Mestel. "In Wired World TV Still Has Grip on Kids." Los Angeles Times 
     18 Sep. 2000: F1+. SIRS Renaissance. SIRS Knowledge Source. Honolulu Community Coll. Lib., HI. 
     8 May 2004 <http://sks.sirs.com/>.

 Reference

http://www2.elc.polyu.edu.hk/CILL/reports.htm

http://honolulu.hawaii.edu/legacylib/mlahcc.html

Chapter 5 : Online Catalog and Databases

 BestBuy
http://www.bestbuy.com/

Chapter 3

• Identify the different between Library of Congress Classification System (LC) and Dewey Demical Classification system (DDC)

 The Library of Congress Classification (LC) is a system of library classification
developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries, for example, Australia and Taiwan. It is not to be confused with the Library of Congress Subject Headings or Library of Congress Control Number.

The Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC, also called the Dewey Decimal System) is a proprietary system of library classification developed by Melvil Dewey in 1876. This system organizes books on library shelves in a specific and repeatable order that makes it easy to find any book and return it to its proper place.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Classification
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification

• Make a link to:

1. The Library of Congress website :  http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/lcco/
2. British Library :  http://www.bl.uk/
3. Thai National Library :  http://www.nlt.go.th/
4. Sripatum University library :  http://library.spu.ac.th/e-library/index4.html
5. ASEAN Community website :  http://www.bic.moe.go.th/th/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=171 

Chapter 2 :

• Subjective Opinions

Example : "To all who come to this happy place: Welcome. Disneyland is your land. Here age relives fond memories of the past, and here youth may savor the challenge and promise of the future. Disneyland is dedicated to the ideals, the dreams, and the hard facts that have created America, with the hope that it will be a source of joy and inspiration to all the world."

 

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland

•  Objective Facts

Example : Minerva "Minnie" Mouse is an animated character created by Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney. The comic strip story "The Gleam" (published January 19-May 2, 1942) by Merrill De Maris and Floyd Gottfredson first gave her full name as Minerva Mouse. Minnie has since been a recurring alias for her. Minnie is currently voiced by actress Russi Taylor. Both Minnie and Mickey were first drawn in 1928 by Ub Iwerks.ns, and writing.

Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnie_Mouse

Chapter 1 : Data, Information, Knowledge, Understanding, Wisdom

What is information?
Information in its most restricted technical sense is an ordered sequence of symbols that record or transmit a message. It can be recorded as signs, or conveyed as signals by waves. Information is any kind of event that affects the state of a dynamic system. As a concept, however, information has numerous meanings.[1] Moreover, the concept of information is closely related to notions of constraint, communication, control, data, form, instruction, knowledge, meaning, mental stimulus, pattern, perception, representation, and especially entropy.

What is data?
The term data refers to qualitative or quantitative
attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data (plural of "datum") are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data, i.e. unprocessed data, refers to a collection of numbers, characters, images or other outputs from devices that collect information to convert physical quantities into symbols.

What is knowledge?
Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, that can include facts, descriptions, information, and/or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); and it can be more or less formal or systematic. In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology, and the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as "justified true belief." There is however no single agreed upon definition of knowledge, and there are numerous theories to explain it.

What is understanding?
Understanding (also called intellection) is a psychological process related to an abstract or physical object, such as a person, situation, or message whereby one is able to think about it and use concepts to deal adequately with that object. Understanding is a relation between the knower and
an object of understanding. Understanding implies abilities and dispositions with respect to an object of knowledge sufficient to support intelligent behavior.

What is wisdom?

Wisdom is a deep understanding and realizing of people, things, events or situations, resulting in the ability to choose or act or inspire to consistently produce the optimum results with a minimum of time, energy or thought. It is the ability to optimally (effectively and efficiently) apply perceptions and knowledge and so produce the desired results. Wisdom is also the comprehension of what is true or right coupled with optimum judgment as to action. Synonyms include: sagacity, discernment, or insight. Wisdom often requires control of one's emotional reactions (the "passions") so that one's principles, reason and knowledge prevail to determine one's actions.

What is information literacy?

Several conceptions and definitions of information literacyhave become prevalent. For example, one conception defines information literacy in terms of a set of competencies that an informed citizen of an information society ought to possess to participate intelligently and actively in that
society. The American Library Association's (ALA) Presidential Committee on Information Literacy, Final Report states, "To be information literate, a person must be able to recognize when information is needed and has the ability to locate, evaluate, and use effectively the needed information."

What is mind map?
A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central key word or idea. Mind maps are used to generate, visualize, structure, and classify ideas, and as an aid to studying and organizing information, solving problems, making decisions, and writing.

source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Understanding

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisdom

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_map